In late-medieval/early-modern medicine, one diagnostic identifier was the look, smell, and taste of urine.  Medical textbooks would include “urine wheels,” describing the variations and their significance.  Above, a 1506 wheel from Epiphanie Medicorum, by Ullrich Pinder (1506).  Below, a wheel from Fasciculo Medicina, by Johannes de Ketham (1493). 

In late-medieval/early-modern medicine, one diagnostic identifier was the look, smell, and taste of urine. 

Medical textbooks would include “urine wheels,” describing the variations and their significance.  Above, a 1506 wheel from Epiphanie Medicorum, by Ullrich Pinder (1506). 

Below, a wheel from Fasciculo Medicina, by Johannes de Ketham (1493). 

urine wheel

Tags: medicine history diagnostics urine 15th century 16th century